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A 5G network will be composed of networks consisting of up to three different types of cells, each requiring specific antenna designs as well as providing a different tradeoff of download speed to distance and service area. For wide service, 5G networks operate on up to three frequency bands – low, medium, and high. However, higher-frequency radio waves have a shorter useful physical range, requiring smaller geographic cells. The increased speed is achieved partly by using additional higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the low- and medium-band frequencies used in previous cellular networks. In a technique called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device. Multiple bitstreams of data are transmitted simultaneously. In the right frequencies and configuration, it can increase performance from 4 to 10 times. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) was deployed in 4G as early as 2016 and typically used 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter waves have a shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to a smaller size. Several network operators use millimeter waves for additional capacity, as well as higher throughput. 5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only one tenth of that capacity. As in other cell networks, a mobile device moving from one cell to another is automatically handed off seamlessly to the current cell. The local antennas are connected to transmission electronics connected to switching centers in the telephone network and routers for Internet access by high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connections. The 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver ( transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. 14.4 Wireless video transmission for broadcast applicationsĥG networks are digital cellular networks, for which the service area is divided into small geographical cells.11.2 COVID-19 conspiracy theories and arson attacks.7.7 NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access).4G cellphones are not able to use the new networks, which require 5G-enabled wireless devices. Due to the increased bandwidth, it is expected the networks will increasingly be used as general internet service providers (ISPs) for laptops and desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make possible new applications in internet-of-things (IoT) and machine-to-machine areas.
In addition to 5G being faster than existing networks, 5G can connect more different devices, and even if people are in crowded areas, the servers will be more unified, improving the quality of Internet services. The main advantage of the new networks is that they will have greater bandwidth, giving higher download speeds, eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells.
5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association. In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cellphones.
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